El IMyuziyam kaZwelonke yePrado ithathe inyathelo elingazange libonwe ngaphambili kwimbali yayo ngokunikezela, okokuqala, umboniso we-monographic ogxile ngokupheleleyo kwi ifoto evela kwiingqokelela zaboKunokuba ibe yinto nje eyongezelelekileyo kwiikhava zayo ezinkulu, eli lifa leefoto lizibonakalisa njengento ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni indlela imyuziyam eye yabonwa, yasasazwa kwaye yakhunjulwa ngayo ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-19.
Ngaphantsi kwesihloko I-Prado yanda: ukufota njengememori ekwabelwana ngayoLo mboniso umema iindwendwe ukuba zime kancinci zize zicinge ngendlela imifanekiso esebenze ngayo ibhulorho phakathi kwegalari yobugcisa kunye noluntu: imifanekiso ekhutshelweyo yemizobo, imibono yamagumbi, amakhadi eposi kunye nezinye iindlela ezaguqula iPrado yaba yimyuziyam "enokuthuthwa", yasekhaya neqokelelwayo, okokuqala eYurophu yaza emva koko yathengiswa kwihlabathi liphela.
Umboniso wokuqala wezithombe onesitayile sawo esahlukileyo
Umboniso wangoku uboniswa ngokucacileyo njengo umboniso wokuqala wemifanekiso owenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngemali yePrado, into ebalulekileyo eyahlula kwezinye izihlandlo ezithile apho kwakukho imifanekiso yemifanekiso eludongeni lwayo, njengangowe-1899 ngesiganeko seminyaka elikhulu kaVelázquez.
Umboniso ungatyelelwa apha igumbi 60 lesakhiwo saseVillanueva, indawo enxulumene nenkqubo Indlu yokugcina impahla evulekileyo (jonga Ulwazi lweMyuziyam lwabantu abanobuchule), kwaye iya kuvuleleka kuluntu kude kube Epreli 5Le nkqubo, esebenza ukususela ngo-2009, ijolise ekuboniseni iingqokelela zenkulungwane ye-19 ngeeprojekthi ezincinci ezizisa izinto ezikhanyayo ezihlala zigcinwe kwindawo yokugcina izinto. izizathu zendawo okanye zolondolozo.
Kule meko, indlela icwangciswe ukususela Imisebenzi ekhethiweyo engama-44 kwingqokelela edlula Imifanekiso ye-10.000, ingqokelela ekhula rhoqo ethathwa yimyuziyam njenge ukubaluleka okukhulu kwelifa lemveli kwaye kude kube ngoku yayingabonakali kangako kwintetho yokubonisa ngokubanzi.
Umkomishinala, UBeatriz Sánchez TorijaIsebe leMizobo, iiPrinti kunye neeFoto liyile uhambo oludibanisa amanqaku abalulekileyo kakhulu eedokhumentari kunye nemizekelo emele kakhulu ye iindlela kunye neefomathi zefoto yasetyenziswa phakathi kwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 kunye namashumi eminyaka okuqala enkulungwane yama-20.
Imifanekiso kunye nenkumbulo ebonakalayo yePrado
Kunokuba ibonise nje imizobo edumileyo, imifanekiso ekhethiweyo ibonisa indlela ukufota okwaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ngayo ukwakha inkumbulo ebonakalayo yePradoImisebenzi ekhutshiweyo, amagumbi aboniswayo, kunye neenkcukacha ezincinci zomfanekiso ngamnye zisivumela ukuba sakhe ngokutsha izinto kunye nembali yemyuziyam yeli ziko.
Iifoto ezininzi zikuvumela ukuba ujonge ngamehlo Igalari Ephakathi, Igumbi leMurillo okanye igalari endala yemifanekiso eqingqiweyophakathi kwezinye iindawo ezidumileyo. Kule mibono, ikhamera irekhoda iindonga ezigqunywe yimizobo, iinkqubo zokufudumeza ezingasekhoyo, iintlobo zefenitshala eziphelelwe lixesha ngoku, kunye nokubonakala okukhawulezayo ngamanye amaxesha kweendwendwe kunye nabasebenzi ngexesha apho kwakuqhelekile ukubonisa amagumbi engenanto phantse.
Ngokutsho komlawuli wemyuziyam, UMiguel FalomirLo mboniso ugxininisa indima yokufota njenge "ibhulorho phakathi kwemyuziyam kunye noluntu"Ngokugxininisa kwicandelo elibaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwangaphakathi lwengqokelela kunye nokusasazwa kwayo luluntu, eli ziko liqaphela ukuba ukufota kuye kwanda kakhulu kwihlabathi leemyuziyam nakwinkcubeko yanamhlanje.
Ingqokelela yemifanekiso ikwabonisa ukuba iPrado ayigcini nje ngokuba nemizobo nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kodwa Ikhusela indlela ezo misebenzi eziye zajongwa kwaye zabelwana ngayo. ngokuhamba kwexesha: ukususela kwiikopi zokuqala zorhwebo zenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya ekuhlanganisweni kwe-cartophily kunye neekhadi zeposi njengendlela yemihla ngemihla yokusasaza.
Ukususela kwizinto ezimbi zokuqala ukuya ekusasazweni kobuninzi
El inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokufota imisebenzi yePrado Yaqala malunga Ngo-1860Imida yobuchwephesha yeenkqubo zelo xesha yayisoloko inyanzela ukuba imizobo ithathwe ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ukuze kusetyenziswe ngcono ukukhanya kwendalo, into engenakucingelwa namhlanje ngokubhekiselele ekugcinweni kwayo.
Nje ukuba kufunyenwe izinto ezimbi, abafoti bavelise ezintle kwiifomathi ezimiselweyo ezinokuthi zithengiswe, nto leyo ekhokelele ekubeni ukusasazwa ngokukhawuleza kwemifanekiso yemyuziyam phakathi koluntu ngokubanzi, abaqokeleli, iingcali, kunye nootitshala bembali yobugcisa. Oku kugcwala kweekopi kwenze iPrado yabonakala ingaqhelekanga ngaphaya kweegalari zayo ezibonakalayo.
Phakathi kweendlela ezivezwe kulo mboniso kukho iikopi ukuya kwi-albumin, kwi-carbon nakwi-gelatinkunye nezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo ukuveliswa kwakhona kwe-photomechanicalUkongeza, kukho iifomathi ezazithandwa kakhulu ngelo xesha, ezinje... amakhadi oshishinoamakhadi e-stereoscopic okanye iiposikhadi, isisiseko sokwandiswa komfanekiso wemyuziyam ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweekhadi zeposi kwakhuthaza oko kuthiwa i-cartophiliaUkuqokelela nokutshintshana kwamakhadi anemifanekiso kwakuyinto yokuzilibazisa eyafikelela nakwixesha lobukumkani. La maphepha, aprintwe kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifana ne-phototype, enza ukuba imisebenzi ekwiMyuziyam yasePrado ikwazi ukuphinda yenziwe. “phuma” kwimyuziyam kwaye zaba yinxalenye yee-albhamu, iileta zabucala okanye ii-archive zobuqu ezisasazeke kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Imyuziyam ikwagcina iingqokelela zamandulo, ezifana nemifanekiso ka UJane Clifford kwiNdyebo yeDolphin, yabhalwa malunga nowe-1863 kwaye yayithathwa njengeyona mifanekiso midala eyathathwa ngumfazi ngoku eyinxalenye yengqokelela yeefoto zePrado, nangona ingengabo bonke abayinxalenye yalo mboniso.
Abafoti abathathe umfanekiso wePrado
Enye yemixholo ephambili yomboniso kukuqatshelwa abafoti kunye nezindlu zokushicilela owanceda ekulungiseni umfanekiso wePrado kunye nemisebenzi yayo yobugcisa kwimemori edibeneyo. Phakathi kwamagama adumileyo ngala UJuan Laurent, uJosé Lacoste, uJuana Roig, uBraun, uMoreno, uAnderson, uHanfstaengl, uJane Clifford, uHauser kunye neMenet, phakathi kwabanye.
Umsebenzi wakhe awuzange ubhale nje kuphela imizobo nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kodwa ukwabhala indlela esebenza ngayo ngaphakathi kwimyuziyamEminye imifanekiso ibonisa, umzekelo, indlela iikopi ezikhutshelwe ngayo ezithengiswayo Igalari EphakathiOku kubonisa indlela ezi foto ezazithengiswa ngayo ngenkulungwane ye-19, zorhwebo nezemfundo.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, imisebenzi efana ne Ukunikezela kukaBreda -kwaziwa njenge Imikhonto-ukusuka Velazquez, kunye nemisebenzi emininzi eyayiyeyePrado kunye neyayisakuba yiTrinity Museum ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe kwigalari yobugcisa yaseMadrid.
Umgcini-zincwadi ukhumbula ukuba kwinkulungwane ye-19 iPrado Yayingenabo abafoti kubasebenzi bayo.Bekukho iingcali kunye neenkampani ezigunyazisiweyo ezazize kwimyuziyam ukuze ziphinde zivelise imisebenzi yazo, zize zisasaze loo mifanekiso. Kwakungekho kude kube phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, malunga 1950, xa imyuziyam yaqala ukubandakanya abafoti ngokusisigxina kwiqela layo.
Phakathi kweeseti ezinomtsalane kakhulu ziifoto ezinxulumene iminyaka elikhulu yesithathu yokuzalwa kukaVelázquez, xa kwakufuneka kwenziwe ukuphinda-phinda imisebenzi eyayingekho kwiigalari zikaPrado. Umzekelo, umfanekiso womfanekiso ka [igama elingekhoyo], uvela kweso siganeko. UMargarita ongumntwana igcinwe eVienna, ikopi yayo enemifanekiso yaxhonywa kwimyuziyam.
1899: umboniso wokuqala wezithombe ePrado
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali ezigqanyisiweyo kulo mboniso yile Ngo-1899, unyaka apho imifanekiso yaboniswa okokuqala kwiMyuziyam yasePradoOku kwenzeke ngexesha lokulungiswa kwakhona kwamagumbi okwenziwe ngomhla weminyaka elikhulu kaVelázquez, umsitho owawubandakanya ukuhlaziywa okunzulu kwendlela eboniswa ngayo ingqokelela.
Kwimeko enjalo, kwaye ngenxa yokungabikho kwemisebenzi ethile kwigalari yobugcisa, imyuziyam Wacela ukuba kukhutshwe imifanekiso kaVelázquez kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo zeefoto. ezazingekho ngokoqobo kumagumbi abo. Eminye yale mifanekiso yayixhonywe ecaleni kwemizobo yokuqala, nto leyo eyadala amava akhethekileyo kubakhenkethi ngelo xesha.
Njengoko uBeatriz Sánchez echaza, ukubakho kokuqala kweefoto kwakusele kunenjongo ecacileyo yomboniso: ukuzisa izinto ezingafikelelekiyo eluntwini ngokukhutshelwa kwazo ephepheni, nokuba bezikwezinye iingqokelela okanye azikwazanga ukuboniswa ngenxa yemigangatho yolondolozo okanye ukungabikho kwendawo.
Umboniso wangoku uphinda ujonge eso siganeko sembali uze usibeke kwingxoxo eqhubekayo eqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ebonisa indlela ukufota okuye kwatshintsha ngayo ukusuka ekubeni sisixhobo esincedisayo ukuya ekubeni into yokufunda kunye nelifa ngokwalo, kwinqanaba lezinye izifundo ezaziwa kakhulu ngokwesiko.
Le mbono yexesha elide isenza siqonde ukuba kutheni iPrado ngoku ithetha ngokufota njenge "inkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo"Imifanekiso ayisikhumbuzi nje kuphela ukuba imizobo okanye amagumbi ayenjani, kodwa ikwasikhumbuza nendlela imyuziyam ezivezileyo ngayo kwaye ixelelwe ngayo izizukulwana zeendwendwe, abaphandi kunye nabathandi bobugcisa.
Ukusuka kwisixhobo sobugcisa ukuya kwilifa lenkcubeko
Ngaphandle kwexabiso lazo lobuhle, iifoto eziboniswayo zibaluleke kakhulu uphando lobugcisa kunye nophandoAbalungisi beembali kunye nababhali-mbali basebenzisa la maxwebhu ukujonga imeko yemisebenzi ngemihla eyahlukeneyo, ukuchonga iindlela ezinokwenzeka zokuphinda upeyinte okanye ukungenelela kwangaphambili, kunye nokuhlalutya iifreyimu, iikhathotshi kunye neenombolo zempahla ezinceda ekwakheni kwakhona iindlela zohambo lweemyuziyam.
Imifanekiso ikwabaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko ezithile, njengaleyo ukufunyanwa komzobo nguMurillo, Imfundo yeNtombi Enyulu, ibiwe kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Iifoto zembali ezibonisa ixhonywe kwiigalari zePrado zazisebenza njengesalathiso sokuqaphela le ngqokelela kunye nokuqinisekisa imvelaphi yayo.
Intsimi yokufundisa nayo izuze kule ngqokelela: ithuba lokuba nokufikelela ukuphinda-phinda okuneenkcukacha Imizobo nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yenze kwaba lula kubafundisi-ntsapho bembali yobugcisa ukulungiselela iiklasi zabo nokubonisa iinkcukacha ebezinokuba nzima ukuzibona ngaphandle kwemyuziyam ngokwayo.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuqokelelwa kweeprinti ze-albumen, iiprinti zekhabhoni, iiprinti ze-gelatin, kunye neekopi ze-photomechanical kuye kwaphumela kwi-archive ebonakalayo ethembekileyo ebhala indlela iPrado eboniswe kwaye yafundwa ngayoOlu gcino-zincwadi lukhula rhoqo ngoku luboniswa eluntwini njengelifa elifanele ukubonwa kwaye lingajongwanga kuphela kwiindawo zokugcina izinto ezikhethekileyo.
Umboniso, inxalenye yenkqubo Indlu yokugcina impahla evulekileyoOku kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba iPrado ikwayindawo yokuba ukucinga ngomfanekiso wefoto: indlela esetyenziswa ngayo, indlela etolikwa ngayo, nendlela eyila ngayo indlela esijonga ngayo imisebenzi yobugcisa yomzobo waseYurophu.
Lo mboniso wonke, ocwangciswe malunga neziqwenga ezingama-44 kodwa uxhaswa yingqokelela yeefoto ezingaphezu kwe-10.000, uvumela ukuqonda okungcono ubukhulu obungabonakaliyo beMyuziyam yasePrado: indawo engagcini nje ngokugcina imizobo nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kodwa ikwagcina imikhondo ebonakalayo yembali yaboUkususela kwiingcamango zokuqala ezingezizo ezithathwe ekukhanyeni kwendalo ukuya kwiikhadi zeposi ezazihamba ngeepokotho kunye neeleta kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
