Inani le umbhali-mbali wokubhala Ihlala ithatha indawo engasemva kubuchule babayili bohlobo olukhulu, kodwa ngaphandle komsebenzi wabo bekungayi kuba lula ukuqonda imvelaphi yeefom esizibona yonke imihla kwiincwadi, kwiiskrini, okanye kwiimpawu zesitalato. Kunokuba ibe yinkalo ekruqulayo okanye yezemfundo kuphela, imbali yokubhala yintsimi apho ubugcisa, ubuchule, ishishini, inkcubeko ebonakalayo, kwanezopolitiko zidibana khona.
Kwelo candelo, amagama anje UJames Mosley y UAlbert CorbetoAbaphandi ababini, abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, baye banceda ekwakheni ngokutsha imbali yethu yokubhala. Ngenxa yabo, siyazi ukuba izinto ezininzi eziqhelekileyo malunga nokuguquka koonobumba azinasihlahla, ukuba indima yabashicileli abathile yayibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye iSpain yayinophuhliso lokubhala oluntsonkothileyo ngakumbi kunokuba ludla ngokuboniswa kwiincwadi zesikhokelo ezingacacanga.
Yintoni kanye kanye eyenziwa yingcali yokubhala iingoma?
Xa sicinga ngokubhala, sidla ngokucinga ngoonobumba abachwetheza, iilogo, okanye ii-interface zedijithali, kodwa umsebenzi isazi-mbali sokubhala Oku kudlulela ngaphaya kokukhetha ifonti entle. Umsebenzi wabo ubandakanya ukufunda indlela iifonti eziveliswe ngayo, ezisetyenzisiweyo neziguqulwe ngayo. iileta eziprintiweyo kuzo zonke iinkulungwane, behlalutya ubukhulu bayo obusemthethweni kunye nezinto zayo kunye nemeko yenkcubeko.
Isazi-mbali esinzulu asaneliswa kukuphinda-phinda amabali okanye ukukopa uluhlu "lweencwadi zakudala" ezivela kumatshini wokushicilela; udinga ubungqina obuphathekayo: iikopi zeencwadi, ubungqina bomshicileli, iikhathalogu zezinto ezifunyenweyo, iimatrices, iipunches, iileta zobungcali, ii-archives zeworkshop kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zamaxwebhu asivumela ukuba sakhe ngokutsha indlela uhlobo olwalusetyenzwa ngayo kunye nendlela olwalusasazwa ngayo.
Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi wabo awupheleli nje kuphela chaza iindlela zefontikodwa endaweni yoko kuthetha iinkqubo zokutolika: kutheni iworkshop ethile yamkela usapho olutsha lwe-typeface, indlela iteknoloji yokubhala echaphazela ngayo imilo yoonobumba, yintoni indima edlalwa kushicilelo ekusasazweni kweengcinga zezopolitiko, zesayensi okanye zonqulo, okanye indlela amanethiwekhi ehlabathi asekwe ngayo kwiindawo zokusekwa.
Ngale ndlela, abantu abafana noJames Mosley no-Albert Corbeto bamele amacala amabini ahambelanayo kakhulu kumsebenzi ofanayo: elokuqala ligxile ngokukodwa kwisithethe saseYurophu naseBritane, kwaye elokugqibela libonelela ngembono enzulu ngetyala laseSpain kunye nehlabathi lamaHispanic, elihlala livela kwi imfuneko yendlela yokusebenza phezulu kakhulu.
UJames Mosley: ukujonga okungathandekiyo nokungqongqo
UJames Mosley (eLondon, ngo-1935 – nge-25 ka-Agasti, ngo-2025) wayengomnye wababhali-mbali abaphambili bokubhala iincwadi zemibhalo kwinkulungwane yama-20 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, nangona igama lakhe lingaziwa njengelabo bayili beencwadi ezithile. Ekuqaleni waqeqeshwa kwi-English Philology eCambridge, wakhawuleza wajika ingqalelo yakhe ekushicileleni, kwiincwadi nakwiileta, wada waqalisa ukupapasha amanqaku akhethekileyo xa wayeneminyaka engama-21 ubudala.
Ukususela ekuqaleni, uMosley wayebonakala ngesimo sengqondo esingagungqiyo malunga nebali lemveli: wayengazithembi iimbali ezilula kunye nolandelelwano olucokisekileyo, kwaye wayekhetha buyela kwakhona kwimithombo yokuqalaNgaphambi kokuba amkele ibango lembali, wayehlola izinto eziprintiweyo, ahlole ii-archives, ahlole izinyithi, aze athelekise idatha ngomonde ogqithisileyo.
KuMosley, imbali yokubhala yayingenakuxelwa ngamagama adumileyo kunye nemisebenzi "esemthethweni". Kwakufuneka kujongwe kwindawo yokusebenzela, uhlobo lwendlu yokugcina impahla, iintsalela zezakhiwo ezivaliweyo, kunye nobungqina abanye ababebujonga njengenkunkuma. Le ndlela yokujonga izinto eziphathekayo neyokugxeka yamenza umntu ongakhululekanga, kodwa obaluleke kakhulu, kwihlabathi lokubhala.
Uphando lwakhe lugxile kakhulu kubhalo lwaseYurophu phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16 neye-20, egxile kakhulu kuphuhliso lweendlela zokubhala, ukuprinta ngesandla, kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa. Wapapasha okungaphezulu Amanqaku kunye nezincoko ezingama-220, uninzi lwazo olusafuneka lufundwe ngumntu wonke othatha imbali yoncwadi nzulu.
Omnye wemisebenzi yakhe ekhankanyiweyo kakhulu yi-essay I-Nymph kunye ne-Grot, apho wabonisa, ngobungqina obucacileyo, ukuba iifonti ze-sans serif Zazikho kudala ngaphambi kokuba kuthiwe ibali eliqhelekileyo, nto leyo eyabeka "into eziyenzileyo" kwishishini lokushicilela lenkulungwane ye-19. Olu hlaziyo lubalulekileyo lwayichitha enye yeentsomi ezinkulu zoyilo lwanamhlanje lwaza lwanyanzelisa ukuba kucingwe ngokutsha indawo ye-sans-serif kwimbali.
Ithala leencwadi likaSt Bride kunye nosindiso lwenkumbulo yezinto eziphathekayo
Ukubaluleka okukhulu kukaMosley kunxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi wakhe kwi- Ithala leeNcwadi likaSt Bride eLondon, enye yeelayibrari eziphambili kwihlabathi jikelele ekuchwethezeni nasekushicileleni. Waqala ukusebenza apho ngo-1956 waza wagcina unxibelelwano lwakhe kangangeminyaka engama-44, apho waguqula ngokupheleleyo ububanzi kunye nokufaneleka kwesi sikhungo.
Kunokuba alawule nje ingqokelela yeencwadi, uMosley wayeqonda ukuba imbali yokubhala inokubhalwa ngokuthembekileyo kuphela ukuba imbali yokubhala nayo igciniwe. inkcubeko yezinto eziphathekayo zobugcisaYiyo loo nto wayezimisele ukusindisa uhlobo olunokushukunyiswa olulahliweyo, oomatshini abangasasetyenziswayo, iimatrices kunye neepunches, ii-printing proofs kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezinto zobugcisa ezaziza kulahlwa ziindawo ezininzi zokusekwa.
Umsebenzi wakhe "wokuhlangula" wawumangalisa ngokukodwa kwimeko yeendawo zokusekwa eziwohlokayo ezifana noStevens Shanks, apho wakwazi ukugcina khona iimatriki kunye neefonti ezaziza kulahleka. Wafumana nezinto zembali kwiOxford University Press, kuquka neefonti ezidumileyo zikaFell, ezisisiseko sokuqonda isiko lokubhala ngesiNgesi.
Enye impumelelo ephambili kuMosley yayikukuqinisekisa I-Monotype Corporation ukuze anikele kuSt Bride imizobo yokuqala yoonobumba ka-Eric Gill, omnye wabayili beentlobo abanempembelelo kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20. Le ngqokelela, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezifunyenweyo kunye neminikelo, yaguqula ithala leencwadi laba yindawo yokugcina izinto ephilayo yembali yoyilo lweentlobo zoshishino.
Ngenxa yaloo msebenzi uthuleyo, uSt Bride ngoku ugcina enye yezona ngqokelela zizityebi zokubhala emhlabeni. UMosley akazange aqokelele izinto ngenxa yobugqi, kodwa kuba wayesazi ukuba ngaphandle kwezi mpawu zomzimba, imbali izaliswe zizikhewu, iingcamango, kunye neentsomi ekunzima ukuzisusa ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye kuphela amaxwebhu ezinto eziphathekayo Ivumela ukwenza amabango aqinileyo.
Isazi-mbali esifuna ubungqina obungacwangciswanga
Kwicandelo le-typographic historiography, iMosley ikwi-dialogue (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ikwi-discourse evulelekileyo) kunye namanani angaphambili afana nala: UStanley Morison o Uhlaziyo lukaDaniel BerkeleyWayewuthanda umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa akazange athandabuze ukubuza amabango awayewacinga ukuba akangqinekanga ngokwaneleyo okanye axhomekeke kakhulu kwigunya lombhali.
Indlela yakhe yayisekelwe kwingcamango ecacileyo kakhulu: naluphi na uqikelelo malunga nokuguquka kweefomu zoonobumba kwakufuneka luxhaswe ubungqina obubambekayo nobunokuqinisekiswaUkuba ubungqina babungekho, into enyanisekileyo ekufuneka yenziwe yayikukuvuma umsantsa, ungawuzalisi ngamabali amahle. Le ndlela yokuma, engathandekiyo kwabo bakhetha amabali alandelelanayo, yaphakamisa kakhulu inqanaba lengxoxo ejikeleze imbali yokubhala.
Phakathi kwegalelo lakhe kukwakho nokuhlaziywa kwenani labantu ababesele behleli emthunzini, abafana UGiovan Francesco Cresci, ingcali yokubhala amagama yase-Itali eyadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kombhalo wamaRoma wanamhlanje kunye nendlela yokubhala edibeneyo eyathi ekugqibeleni yachaphazela isandla esidumileyo sesiNgesi esijikelezayo. Ngokusindisa la manani, uMosley wabonisa ukuba imbali ayingombandela nje wamagama ambalwa eencwadi ze-Anglo-Saxon.
Esi simo sengqondo sokugxeka sasigqugqise yonke imisebenzi yakhe, ukususela kumanqaku amafutshane ukuya kwizifundo ezinzulu. Enyanisweni, uninzi lweziphumo zakhe zapapashwa kwiijenali ezikhethekileyo nakwiincwadi zemfundo, kwaye kangangamashumi eminyaka zazisasazeke kakhulu phakathi kwabayili, abachwephesha bokubhala, kunye nabaphandi abaneprofayili ekhethekileyo.
Oku kusasazeka kwezicatshulwa, kunye nokuthanda kwakhe ukugqibelela, kuthetha ukuba uMosley akazange ayipapashe "incwadi ecacileyo" enkulu eyayilindelwe ngabaninzi kuye. Wayecinga ukuba izicatshulwa zakhe zangaphambili zazineziphene okanye zifuna ukucaciswa, kwaye wayekhetha khangela kwaye ulungise endaweni yokuvala umsebenzi wokwenziwa kwezinto ongenakulungiseka ngakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukufundisa kunye nelifa lezemfundo likaJames Mosley
Impembelelo kaMosley ayiphelelanga koko wakubhalayo waza wakugcina, kodwa nakwizinto azifundisayo. Ukusukela ngo-1964, wamenywa ngu UMichael TwymanWaqala ukufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseReading, apho wanceda ekuhlanganiseni oko ngoku kungenye yeenkqubo ezidumileyo kwihlabathi liphela: iSebe leTypography kunye noNxibelelwano lweMizobo.
Abo badlula kwiiklasi zayo bayakhumbula ukuba iiklasi zayo zazingeyomiboniso okanye iintetho ezinkulu, kodwa ukuzilolonga ekucingeni kancinciWayesebenzisa imifanekiso ekhethwe ngononophelo, edibanisa iingxoxo ngokuzolileyo, kwaye wayekwazi ukuchaza iinkqubo ezinzima ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimbono yeenkcukacha ezithile ezazisenza ziqondakale.
Ngaphezu kwako konke, wafundisa abantu ukuba babone ngamehlo ahlukeneyo: ukuqaphela indlela uhlobo olusikiweyo ngayo, indlela iinkqubo zokuprinta ezichaphazela ngayo ubume bephepha, izinto ezifumaneka kwiincwadi ezibonisa ukuba zifumaneka phi okanye zifumaneka phi. Wabakhuthaza ukuba babuze yonke into evakala ngathi yinto eqhelekileyo, babuyele kwimvelaphi yemithombo, kwaye bamkele ukuba, ngamanye amaxesha, impendulo enyanisekileyo ithi "asikayazi okwangoku."
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ingakumbi emva kobhubhane, ezinye zeeklasi zakhe zarekhodwa zaza zaqala ukusasazwa ngedijithali, nto leyo eyavumela ukuqonda kwakhe imbali yokubhala ukuba ifikelele kubafundi kumazwe amaninzi. Kwabaninzi abayili abaselula, ezi seshoni zihlala zibalulekile. imodeli yobungqongqo kunye nokuthobeka kwengqondo.
Kunye nokufundisa kwakhe ngokusesikweni, uMosley wayesakha elinye ijelo lokusasaza umsebenzi wakhe: ibhlog yakhe. Uhlobo lweTypefoundryYayiyindawo apho wayenokupapasha khona izifundo ezinde, amanqaku amafutshane, izilungiso, kunye nokwandiswa kophando lwangaphambili. Le fomathi yayimfanele kakhulu kuba yamvumela ukuba ahlaziye umbhalo ngokuhamba kwexesha aze alungise iimpazamo ngaphandle kokungena kwisihluzo sohlelo olutsha olushicilelweyo.
Umsebenzi ovulekileyo: I-Typefoundry kunye nemibhalo yasemva kokufa
Ibhulogi Uhlobo lweTypefoundry Yaba yilabhoratri kawonke-wonke apho uMosley wayethulula khona iziphumo, iingcamango, kunye nokulungiswa. Kumntu ozifunela izinto ezininzi, ithuba lokulungisa rhoqo umbhalo oshicilelweyo laliphantse libe lihle: ukuba ufumene ulwazi olutsha, wayelufaka nje, ongeze inqaku, okanye abhale kwakhona isiqendu sonke.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, loo ngqwalaselo ifanayo yayiyeyona nto ibangela ukuba angazange ayiqokelele yonke imisebenzi yakhe ibe yincwadi enye epheleleyo. Wayekhetha ukugcina izifundo zakhe zikwimeko yokuba uphando oluqhubekayoivulelekile kwiilungiso nophuculo. Ngokwembono yakhe, incwadi "evaliweyo" yayisengozini yokuphelelwa lixesha ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa iwebhu yayivumela ukuhlaziywa rhoqo.
Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zakhe ezibhaliweyo zinkulu kakhulu xa ubandakanya amanqaku eejenali, izahluko zeencwadi, amaphepha eenkomfa, iingxelo, kunye nezinto ezingapapashwanga. Emva kokusweleka kwakhe, amawaka amaxwebhu—amanqaku abhalwe ngesandla, iidrafti, izikhokelo zophando—avezwa kwaye abe yinxalenye yogcino-zincwadi oludweliswayo ngoku kwiYunivesithi yaseBirmingham.
Le ngxelo igciniweyo yingqokelela yegolide yophando lwexesha elizayo: inika umbono othe ngqo wendlela uMosley awayesebenza ngayo, amathandabuzo awayenawo, imigca yophando awayishiya ingagqitywanga, kunye nendlela awadibanisa ngayo iziphumo ezivela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo namazwe ahlukeneyo. Kuvakala ngathi kukujonga... iworkshop yobungcali evela komnye weengcali ezinkulu kweli candelo.
Kwihlabathi elithetha iSpanish, isiganeko esibalulekileyo sibe kukupapashwa kwale ncwadi ngeSpanish. Ngemvelaphi yokubhala kwanamhlanje, uluhlu lwemibhalo olubonisa kakuhle indlela yakhe yokuqhubeka: ukunikel’ ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha zezinto eziphathekayo, ukufunda ngocoselelo imithombo kunye nomnqweno oqhubekayo wokuchitha amabali alula angamelaniyo nokuhlolwa ngokunzulu.
UAlbert Corbeto: uyilo lwembali oluvela eSpain
Ukuba uMosley umele elinye lamazwi amakhulu ehlabathi, ityala lika UAlbert Corbeto Ungundoqo ekuqondeni imbali yokubhala ngokwembono yamaHispanic. UCorbeto, ophumelele kwiJografi neMbali, enolwazi olukhethekileyo kwiMbali yoBugcisa kwiYunivesithi yaseBarcelona (1995) kunye nePhD evela kwiyunivesithi efanayo ngo-2011, uzibonakalise njengomnye weengcali eziphambili kukubhala, ukuprinta kunye neencwadi eSpain.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa usekwe kakhulu kwi-EINA (Centre Universitari de Disseny i Art de Barcelona), apho afundisa khona izifundo ezifana neMbali yoTypography, i-Orthotypography, kunye neMbali yeNcwadi kuzo zombini iinkqubo zeMasters kwi-Advanced Typography kunye ne-Type Creation kunye nesidanga seBachelor kwi-Design. Ukusuka kula magumbi okufundela, uncede izizukulwana ezintsha zabayili ukuba baqonde utypography. ngaphaya komthetho osesikweni.
Ngobuchwephesha, uCorbeto usebenza kwiRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseBarcelona kwaye usebenzisana neBarcelona Association of Bibliophiles. Oku kubandakanyeka kumaziko anxulumene nelifa elibhaliweyo kuhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo neprofayili yakhe njengomphandi oqaphela zombini izinto ezibonakalayo kunye nomxholo wazo wembali kunye nowengqondo.
Njengombhali-mbali, ugxile kwizifundo zokubhala, ukuprinta, kunye neencwadi kwihlabathi lamaHispanic, egxininisa ngakumbi kwiinkulungwane apho iSpain yayililizwe elinamandla lokupapasha. iincwadi, amanqaku, iintetho kunye neesemina ezihlalutya imiba eyahlukeneyo njengeesampuli zeeleta, indima yokuprinta ekusasazweni kwezimvo, okanye ubukho babasetyhini kwiindibano zocweyo.
Ngaphezu koko, ucwangcise imiboniso kwimiba engaphandwanga kangako, njengendima yabasetyhini ekuprinteni kwasekuqaleni, iingqokelela zeesampuli zohlobo, kunye nokubaluleka kobugcisa bokushicilela ekusasazweni kwemisinga yengqondo. Konke oku kubonisa umfanekiso wesazi-mbali esinomdla kakhulu kwiinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zebali elisemthethweni.
Imisebenzi ephambili ka-Albert Corbeto
Phakathi kweempapasho zikaCorbeto, izihloko ezininzi zibonakala njengezibalulekileyo ekuqondeni imbali yokubhala eSpain. Enye yezona zibalulekileyo yile Iintlobo zokuprinta eSpain (Campgràfic, 2011), umqulu onamaphepha angama-321 onika isishwankathelo esipheleleyo seentsapho ze-typeface ezisetyenziswa kweli lizwe, imvelaphi yazo, iimpawu zazo ezisemthethweni kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo kwimeko yaseYurophu.
Kwakhona ngo-2011, indlu yokushicilela iCampgràfic yapapasha incwadi yakhe UDaniel B. Updike, umbhali-mbali womshicileli kunye nowokuchwetheza, umsebenzi okhethekileyo kuba awubonisi nje kuphela umfanekiso womshicileli waseMelika, kodwa ukwaquka nenguqulelo echanekileyo yezahluko ezibini u-Updike azinikezela kwiintlobo zoonobumba beSpanish kwincwadi yakhe enkulu. Iintlobo zokuprinta. Imbali yazo, iifom kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazoLo mqulu uquka neengxelo ezintathu zokuqala zikaCorbeto ezichaza imeko-bume kwaye zandisa umbono ka-Updike.
Esinye isihloko esibalulekileyo Imbali yokubhala. Utshintsho lokubhala ukusuka kuGutenberg ukuya kwiifowuni zedijithali (Pagès Editors, 2012), enika umbono obanzi wokuvela kokubhala iileta ukususela kwixesha likaGutenberg ukuya kwixesha ledijithali, kugxilwe kakhulu kwizithethe zamaCatalan nezaseSpain. Le ncwadi yapapashwa kamva ngeSpanish. Imbali yokubhala, ukuguquka kweeleta ukusuka kuGutenberg ukuya kwiindawo zokusekwa kwedijithali (Umhl. Milenio, 2015), ngaloo ndlela yandisa ukufikelela kwayo kwihlabathi elithetha iSpanish.
Kumazwe ngamazwe, uCorbeto ubhale amanqaku anje ngala “Ixesha legolide lencwadi yaseSpain: ukuphuculwa koshicilelo kunye nokubhala ngexesha lohlaziyo olukhanyiselweyo", epapashwe kwi- Ijenali yoMbutho weMbali yokuPrinta (Nombolo 21, 2014, iphe. 19-44). Kuyo, uhlalutya indlela, phakathi kotshintsho olukhanyiselweyo, kubekho uphuculo oluphawulekayo kushicilelo nakubhalo eSpain, oluye lwabonakalisa ngayo umfanekiso oqhelekileyo welizwe elingasemva elingadibaniyo neendlela zaseYurophu.
Le ngqokelela yemisebenzi ichaza uphando oluqhubekayo, olugxile ekuchazeni indlela uyilo lweSpanish olubhalwe ngayo ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwabashicileli, amaziko okwakha, ababhali, abapapashi, kunye neemeko ezithile zezopolitiko nezenkcubeko, ezihlala zinomntu inkxaso eqinileyo yamaxwebhu.
I-Corbeto, i-Updike kunye nokufunda ngokucokisekileyo kwexesha elidlulileyo
Enye into enomdla kakhulu kumsebenzi kaCorbeto yincoko yakhe nomntu odumileyo. UDaniel B. Updike, umshicileli waseMelika kunye nombhali-mbali omsebenzi wakhe Iintlobo zokuprinta. Imbali yazo, iifom kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo (1922) ithathwa njengenye "yeebhayibhile" zembali yokubhala. Njengoko uRobin Kinross esitsho kwi umatshini wokushicilela wale mihlaNgokuphathelele iingcali zembali yokubhala, ngokucacileyo kukho "i-Updike yangaphambi nasemva kwayo".
Kwincwadi kaCampgràfic ethi Updike, uCorbeto akazipheleli nje ekuguquleleni izahluko ezinikezelwe kwiindlela zokubhala zeSpanish, kodwa wongeza nezincoko ezintathu ezivumela ukuqonda ngcono indima ka-Updike njengomshicileli (okhokela iMerrymount Press) kunye nomsebenzi wakhe njengombhali-mbali wokubhala. Ngoko ke, bayawaphula amagalelo abo kwaye kwangaxeshanye uzibeka ngokubalulekileyo kumxholo wazo.
Isincoko sokuqala, esithi “Daniel B. Updike the learned printer”, silandelela ibali lobomi bakhe ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekuhlanganisweni kwakhe njengomprinti odumileyo, sihlalutya iimpembelelo zakhe zobuhle, ukuguquka kwakhe kwisitayile kunye nendawo awayekuyo xa wayejongene nokuphazamiseka kweteknoloji entsha yokuseta umatshini (i-monotype kunye ne-linotype) ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.
UCorbeto usebenzisa olu hambo ukudweba umfanekiso ocacileyo wexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu: ukufika koomatshini kwaguqula ngokupheleleyo iiworkshops zokushicilela, kwavelisa ukumelana, amathuba kunye nefuthe lokwenyani "lomdla wokubhala" kwisithathu sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20, xa ii-matrix warehouse zazifuna iileta ezintsha ukuphendula kwiimfuno zemarike yokushicilela.
Isincoko sesibini, esithi “Iintlobo zokuPrinta: IBhayibhile yabaPrinta,” sigxile ekubalulekeni, ububanzi, kunye nempembelelo yehlabathi yomsebenzi omkhulu ka-Updike. Apha, uCorbeto ubonisa indlela umbhali waseMelika, eqala ngayo imizekelo ebonakalayo yeentlobo, yayiluka imbali yokubhala eyaba negalelo elikhulu ekuhlanganiseni icandelo elitsha leencwadi zokubhala, elinxulumene kakhulu nomsebenzi wababhali-mbali bokushicilela ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.
Owesithathu, “Updike’s Romantic Hispanism,” uhlola umdla ongaqhelekanga womshicileli kunye nombhali-mbali ngeSpain, obonakala kwinzondelelo athetha ngayo ngokushicilela ngesiSpanish kwiincwadi zakhe. UCorbeto ulandelela imvelaphi yale mbono kwiincwadi zokuhamba zababhali be-Anglo-Saxon benkulungwane ye-19, ababonisa iSpain entle, engasemva, neyothando, enabantu abaninzi. izihloko zokuhamba njengamaGypsy angaqhelekanga okanye izigebenga ezidumileyo.
Olu hlalutyo lunxulumene ngqo nembali yanamhlanje yaseSpain kunye neembono zangaphandle eziye zahamba nayo, zibonisa indlela nangona umsebenzi onzulu njengo-Updike, imifanekiso yenkcubeko ehlasela ngayo indlela uphuhliso lokubhala lwelizwe oluxatyiswa ngayo.
Intsimi ekhulayo: ukusuka eMosley naseCorbeto ukuya kwindlela yokusebenza yangoku
Ngokubeka imifanekiso kaJames Mosley noAlbert Corbeto ecaleni, umntu unokubona indlela imbali yokubhala Kwiminyaka embalwa nje edlulileyo, isuke ekubeni yindawo enomdla yaya ekubeni yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye uqeqesho lomyili, abachwethezi bokushicilela, abahleli kunye nabaphandi beencwadi.
UMosley weza nembono ecacileyo ekwakhiweni kwamabali embali, egxininisa kwimfuneko yobungqina obuphathekayo kunye nokuhlaziywa rhoqo kwezinto eziqhelekileyo. Umsebenzi wakhe eSt Bride and Typefoundry waseka isiseko sedokhumentari kunye nesendlela esiqhubeka nokwakha indlela iileta eziphandwa ngayo.
UCorbeto, yena, uncedile ekuzaliseni umsantsa obalulekileyo: ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga Isiko lokubhala laseSpainkokubini ngokwendawo yayo kunye nokunxibelelana kwayo neendlela eziphambili zaseYurophu. Iincwadi zakhe kunye namanqaku akhe ancede ekususeni iimbono ezilula "zokubuyela umva" kwaye atyhila inyani ecacileyo ngakumbi.
Kumyili wanamhlanje, ukuqonda ezi ndlela akuyonto nje yokufunda: kubandakanya ukufumana ukuqonda okubalulekileyo Ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kweefom, ukuqonda okusemva kosapho oluthile lwefonti kunye nokuxabisa indlela imeko yembali echaphazela ngayo izigqibo zoyilo. Kwimeko ekhawulezileyo zizixhobo zedijithali, le mbono yembali isebenza njenge iyeza lokuthintela ubukrelekrele.
Ekugqibeleni, abo baphanda imbali yokubhala amagama basikhumbuza ukuba oonobumba abahambi nje emoyeni: bangumphumo weenkulungwane zomsebenzi oqokelelweyo, iingxabano zobugcisa, izigqibo zorhwebo, iifashoni, iingcamango, kunye nemizamo yabantu ngabanye efana nekaJames Mosley no-Albert Corbeto, abanempembelelo eqhubeka ikhula ngalo lonke ixesha umntu esondela kuyilo lokubhala ngamagama ngokungqongqo nangokunomdla.
