Imbali ye I-Rayonismo Yinto yokukhanya eyatshintsha ngonaphakade imbono yeRussia avant-garde: impembelelo emfutshane kodwa enamandla kakhulu ebeke indawo eLuzi -imiqadi, ukutenxa, kunye nokuphazamiseka-njengeyona protagonist yokwenyani yomzobo. Wazalwa malunga 1910-1913 ukusuka esandleni UMikhail Larionov kunye nokuhambelana okubalulekileyo kwe Natalia GoncharovaIntshukumo igxile ekupeyinteni imitha edlulayo kwaye igqume izinto, hayi izinto ngokwazo. Yaba, ekugqibeleni, yenye yeendlela zokuqala ezithatha isigqibo malunga... Ukutsala eMpuma Yurophu, ngonyawo olunye kwisayensi kunye nolunye kwisithethe saseRashiya. I-Rayonism: ii-inflections ezikhanyayo kunye nemiboniso eyichazayo.
Owukhangelayo umsebenzi wakhe uyaqiqa; iindlela ezinqamlezileyo, imibala eqaqambileyo kunye novakalelo lwe-dynamism eqhubekayo, ngokungathi i-canvas yenziwe kwakhona ngu. imisebe yokukhanya engenasipheloOlu lwimi olubonakalayo, olwaqala ukuphononongwa nguLarionov kwangoko ngo-1909 kunye nesiqwenga esingesomfanekiso. ICrystal -iboniswe kwiminyaka kamva e-Guggenheim-, idibene nenkqubela phambili yesayensi yelo xesha: i Umsebenzi we-radioactivity, i Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet okanye impembelelo edumileyo ye X-reyinto leyo eyaphembelela ingcamango—eyayixhaphake gqitha ngelo xesha—yokuba ukukhanya kutyhutyhe umbandela yaye kuwenza ube nentsingiselo.
Imvelaphi kunye nesakhelo senzululwazi
I-Rayonism yaqaqamba xa uLarionov, umkhi-mkhiqizi ozimiseleyo Imitha yelanga kunye ne-reflexes yakhe, uthatha isigqibo sokuguqula i ukusasazwa kokukhanya ngaxeshanye ngokwemifanekiso. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zezafobe zemveli, injongo yayo ayikokuchaza amagqabantshintshi, kodwa kukubamba indlela imitha evela kwizinto Ziyanqumlana zibole esithubeni. Ngaphantsi kwesi sizathu, umbala uyayeka ukuba yi-accessory kwaye uba umba ongundoqokuba yenza ukuba amandla angabonakaliyo abonakale.
Iimvakalelo zexesha zazimkholisa: inzululwazi yayivula iingcango kumandla angabonakaliyo, kwaye i-avant-garde yayifuna ukukhululeka kwi-mimesis. Ayisiyonto nje into yokuba i-ray yokuqala kaLarionov ingabi ngumfuziselo ngokupheleleyo, ICrystal (1909), isincoko sele iinqwelomoya ezihambayo ngokungathi iseyile iqokelela iirefractions; okanye ukuba, kungekudala emva koko, iqabane lakhe kunye neqabane Natalia Goncharova wathwala loo mpembelelo kumhlaba kunye nendalo yamandla ingcebiso elulaKwangaxeshanye, eRashiya, kwabakho ukuqhawuka kwemeko, nto leyo eyayikhuthaza iimvavanyo ezingaphandle kocwangco. iikhowudi zomfanekiso ilifa.
Izinto ezifunyaniswe malunga neeX-reyi-umbono kaRöntgen odumileyo wokuqaqamba okudlula kwizinto ezi-opaque-kwandise umbono we ukukhanya okungenayo kwaye phantse ukongama phezu kwento. KumaRayonist, obu bukhulu buthethelela ukushenxisa umdla womfanekiso: “okwenyani” yayingeyiyo into eyomeleleyo, kodwa amandla okukhanya oluyigqubutheleyo, iyigqobhoze, ize iyidibanise nendalo iphela. Ngombono wakhe, umzobo uba yiwebhu yemikhosi, a indawo esebenzayo apho imiqadi idibana khona.
Imanifesto, amaqela athatha isigqibo kunye nemiboniso
Ngaphambi kokuqulunqa esidlangalaleni iRayonism, uLarionov wavula indlela: wakhuthaza iqela Valet de Carreau kunye nomboniso Umsila wedonki in 1912, milestones that normalized the ukwaphulwa kweendibano eMoscow. Ngowe-1913 kwafika inyathelo eliqinisekileyo: i I-Rayonist Manifesto, ebhalwe nguye waza watyikitywa ngamagcisa aliqela—kunye nesiginitsha esiphambili se Goncharova-, waseka isimo esinzulu senkcubeko. Imibhalo yakhe yatyhila ukholo olupheleleyo kwiRussia avant-garde, ukugatywa kwe umntu ngamnye njengenqobo yokuvavanya ubugcisa kunye nentetho ebalulekileyo ebhekiselele kwi-hegemonies ethile yaseNtshona.
Isicatshulwa saxoxa ukuba ubugcisa akufanele buhlolwe ngokwembono ye ixesha lembali -into yangoku ye-avant-garde igqithise loo mlinganiso-, kwaye yaxhasa iMpuma "entle" ngokuchasene neNtshona eyathi, ngokwembono yayo, yabonakala ingenamsebenzi. iifom zasempumalanga. Kungekudala emva koko, iisampulu ezinikezelwe kulwimi olutsha, njengomboniso weRayonist Ekujoliswe kukookanye abanempembelelo enkulu Ithagethi Ngowe-1913, banikela iingoma zikawonke-wonke ezazigcwele imigca ebukhali, idanyazi kunye nokungqubana kwechromatic okucel' umngeni ngokusisiseko ulindelo lokomfuziselo lokomfuziselo.
Lo mboniso awuzange udibanise ubuwena beRayonism kuphela; yakha iibhulorho kunye namaziko aseYurophu. Ngengxoxo kunye neParis, iBerlin kunye neRoma, iiRayonists zabeka indawo yaseRashiya kwimephu ye namhlanje, ukudibanisa neengxoxo ze cubism, futurism okanye orphism ezabelana ngamabhongo okubuyisela ulwimi olubonakalayo ingqiqo yovavanyo.
I-Aesthetics kunye negrama ebonakalayo yombane
Ngokubonakalayo, umsebenzi weRayonist wamkelwa ngokulukwa kwawo imitha enemibalaImigca ebukhali, eyi-engular ewela indiza yomfanekiso kwaye ivelise isingqisho sangaphakathi. Le migca ayiyomihombiso nje: ifuzisela ukuvela kokukhanya, oyena ndoqo womxholo. Kwiinxalenye ezininzi, umthombo wokuqala wokukhanya—umqhagi, iglasi, umthi—uqondwa kancinane, ngokungathi uyavela nyibilikisa kwindawo yamandla.
Kuloo grama, uLarionov wahlula iindlela ezimbini eziphambili. Kwelinye icala, a I-Rayonism ye-bent yenyani eqala kwireferensi ebambekayo (isilwanyana, into, indawo) apho kuphuma imiqadi eyakhiweyo. Kwelinye icala, a I-Pneumo- okanye i-Pneumo-Rayonismapho isibhengezo siqhawuka ngokupheleleyo, sishiya ipateni yokukhanya kuphela eqongeni. Kuloo drift, i umntu ngamnye I-motif iyahlanjululwa: "ubuqu" bento-kunye nombhali-uyayeka ukuba ngumbindi womfanekiso.
Isiphumo sibaluleke kakhulu: umphezulu uyangcangcazela ngoomaleko obunqamlezayo, imiphetho iyaphuka, kwaye umbukeli uyamenywa ukuba "afunde" umzobo njengomfanekiso. indawo yokunyanzela ngaphezu kwefestile kwindawo eyaziwayo. Ngaloo ndlela, iziqwenga ezifana ne-a I-Rayonism ebomvu Umsebenzi kaLarionov ubonisa abalandeli be-angled apho ubunzulu Ivela ekugqityweni kwemiqadi, kungekhona kwimbono yendabuko.
Umbala, amandla kunye nombono we-faktura
KwiRayonism, umbala awuchazi: isenzoIziphatha njengamandla abonakalayo, okubetha, ukudala ukuchasana kunye nokumisela izingqisho. UGoncharova usebenzisa oku kunye neepalethi ezikhanyayo-cinga nje ngamahlathi akhe eblues kunye nohlaza, apho amahlamvu aba khona. ukukhanya okuhluziweyo—; ULarionov, kwicala lakhe, uhlala ezisa iibomvu ze-incandescent okanye imibala yombane eqinisa imvakalelo umothuko onamandla.
Le ndlela idibanisa nelinye ixesha eliphambili le-avant-garde yaseRashiya: i i-invoyisiNgaphezu kwe "texture" ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo, ibhekisela kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nobukho beemvakalelo zenkxaso kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa. Kumxholo weRayonist, i-faktura ibandakanya ukuthungwa, ewe, kodwa kwakhona inkcasoUkukhanya, ichromaticism, nkqu ukungcangcazela okuchaphazelayo ukuba iseti yemitha inokuvuselela kumbonisi. Zonke ezi ziimpawu "zomphezulu" ezibonisa i undoqo yemathiriyeli kunye nokukhanya okudlula kuyo.
Ngapha koko, iiRayonist zayikhusela imbono ye vsachestvo -iguqulelwa njenge "yonke into“okanye “yonke into”—ukuchaza isizathu sokuba isimbo sakhe sitsale yaye ngaxeshanye sidlule kwiCubism, Futurism, neOrphism. hlaziyaYiyo loo nto bafaka iintloko kubugcisa bomntu waseRussia, bakhetha izilwanyana kunye nezinto ezikungqongileyo, kwaye bagcina ngabom i-pulse. umntu wokuqala kwi-invoyisi, ngokubambisana nabapeyinti bezindlu okanye amashishini emveli.
I-Simultaneism, i-Orphism kunye ne-Futurism: i-crossroads
Ebutsheni benkulungwane yama-20 eYurophu, izikolo ezininzi zeengcamango zaziphanda ngeziganeko ezifanayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. ngaxeshanye, idityaniswa ne Robert DelaunayWayethembele kwiithiyori zesayensi zombala-ingakumbi umahluko ngaxeshanye-ukuguqulela kwipeyinti yombono apho ukukhanya kunye nombala kusebenza khona. I-la vez emehlweni. Olo luvo, olunomculo kakhulu kunye ne-cosmic kwindlela yalo, lwadibana nokuphononongwa kweRayonist ukuhlalisana lwemiqadi esithubeni.
Umgxeki uGuillaume apollinaireUkulandela olu phando lwechromatic, waqulunqa eli gama ngo-1912 iorphism kwi Icandelo d'Or...igama lesambrela eliluncedo lokuyila i-abstract edlamkileyo egcinwe ngumbala kunye nesingqisho. Ngeli xesha, i ikamva AmaTaliyane athi ngowe-1913—kumaphephancwadi anjengala Der Sturm y Lacerba- kubandakanywe njengento ephambili ingcamango ngaxeshanye ngokumela isantya kunye nobuninzi bethutyana. I-Rayonists, ukusuka kwi-specific yabo yaseRashiya kunye nokuzinikela kwabo ekukhanyeni, basasazwa kwimephu efanayo imibuzoIndlela yokubamba okwenzekayo ngaxeshanye, indlela yokuguqulela umbono oguqukayo wehlabathi lanamhlanje.
Imixholo ephindaphindiweyo kunye ne-motifs
La ukukhanya njengamandla Lo ngumxholo ophambili. Ayizozinto ezikhanyayo ezikhanyisayo, kodwa ngamandla angena kuzo, aziphuphume, aze azidibanise. Yiyo loo nto ukuphindaphindwa kweziqulatho apho imigca ekhanyayo ilinganisa ukusasazeka kwelanga kwindalo okanye ilitha lokukhanya. ukukhanya kombane Isanda kuphunyezwa kwizitrato kunye neendawo zikawonkewonke, iprojekthi "yokuKhanya koLuntu" ityhila le ngqalelo kwisixeko kunye nenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe.
Umxholo wesibini ongundoqo ngulo intshukumoIifom zibonakala ziqhekeka kwimitha ebonisa ukuhamba rhoqo, ukuhamba okukhanyelayo ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-motif. Le mibongo ihambelana nezilwanyana ngokugqibeleleyo-i Umqhagi kunye nesikhukukazi ukusuka kwisithethe sasemaphandleni-, kwizinto zeglasi-apho ukukhanya kuqhekeza-okanye kwimihlaba-a Ibhitshi yakhiwe ngokutsha ngokukhanya—. Kuzo zonke iimeko, umzobo ungcoliswe ngu amandla ide iphantse inyamalale.
Ekugqibeleni, ubukhulu imetaphysics yazo zonke: ngokupeyinta imisebe, amagcisa athetha ngezinto ezingabambekiyo ezisidibanisayo. Umsebenzi uba yindlela yokucamngca unxibelelwano jikelele, malunga ne-pulse engabonakaliyo ehamba kwizinto. Ukubanda okubonakalayo “kwenzululwazi”—imitha, i-refraction, i-UV—ibakho kunye a amandla omoya efuna ukuveza amandla anokuthi, ngaphandle kombala kunye nomgca, angaphuncuka emehlweni.
Impembelelo kunye nefuthe
Nangona yayihlala ixesha elifutshane, iRayonism yayine ifuthe elihlala lihleli kwi-avant-garde yaseRashiya. Indlela yakhe yokuqonda i-abstraction-esekwe ekukhanyeni, hayi ijometri esulungekileyo-inike indlela eyahlukileyo ethe yavakala kwizindululo Kazimir Malevich kunye ne-suprematism yayo, okanye kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye noqhelaniso lobugcisa Inkqubo yonxibelelanisoUmbono womsebenzi njengentsimi yamandla, kunye nobunzulu be-faktura, uncede ukwandisa i-repertoire yemithombo yobutyebi. Ukutsala kwangoko.
Ngaphandle kweRashiya, i-echo yayiphawulekayo: incoko kunye ne iorphism kunye nobudlelwane kunye ikamva Baba negalelo ekwenzeni uvakalelo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluqonda ubugcisa njengophononongo lwe amandla kunye nokuqondaNgexesha elide, ugqaliselo kwintshukumo, ukukhanya, kunye nokungaphathekiyo kufunyenwe ukuqhubeka kumava amva, ukusuka ubugcisa bekinetic kunye nezenzo zedijithali ezibonisa ukukhanya kunye nombala weprogram ukudala iindawo ezinzulu.
Ngaphaya koko, igrama ye ii-engile ezinqumlanayo Kwaye izingqisho zechromatic zishiye uphawu lwazo kuyilo, imizobo, kunye noyilo, apho iipateni "ezikhanyayo" kunye nokwakheka okuguquguqukayo zisavuselela intuition enkulu namhlanje: ifom inokuvela uphazamiso yemitha, hayi imbonakalo yento.
Imisebenzi ephambili kunye nemizekelo yabameli
I-Rayon's oeuvre incinci, kodwa ityhila kakhulu. Apha ngezantsi kukhethwe iziqwenga kunye nothotho, ukusuka phakathi kwe-1909 kunye ne-1910s, apho iimpawu zakhe eziphambili zisekwe kwaye isitayile sakhe sinokuqondwa. indaleko isimbo:
- Autorretrato (1910)Isincoko sokuqala sikaLarionov malunga nendlela yokudibanisa umzobo kunye neenyanda; ubuso buchatshazelwa a umbane womnatha loo nto iyenza ibe namandla.
- Iglasi (1909-1912)Izifundo malunga ne-refraction kwimigangatho ecacileyo; imitha "goba" kwaye ivelise i iploti ye-ethereal oko kwenza into ingabikho emzimbeni.
- Inkomo (1910): motif yasemaphandleni kwisitshixo sombane; isilwanyana sibuyela ngaphakathi izicwangciso zokukhanyisa oko kukhumbula isithethe esatolikwa ngokutsha.
- Umqhagi kunye nenkukhu (1912): umzekelo weRayonism “yokwenene”; imiqadi ephuma kumanani, ehlala kwinqwelomoya kunye nokucima i Umbala ekuthandeni amandla.
- I-Red Rayonism (1911-1913): abalandeli beebomvu ezibukhali kunye nee-angles ezibukhali; ityhila i ubunzulu ukusuka kwi-beam superposition.
- Ukukhanya koluntu (1911)Isixeko sanamhlanje njengelebhu yokukhanya okwenziweyo; izibane zombane ziguqulelwe isingqisho esibonakalayo.
- Ulwandle (1912): imbonakalo-mhlaba evulekileyo eyakhiwe yimitha; umphezulu uba a ukungcangcazela chromatic kunomda womzimba.
- Ukuqulunqwa (1920): i-epilogue kade; imbekiselo engokomfuziselo iphantse yanyamalala kwaye iyoyisa ibala elikhanyayo ihlelwe ngemigca.
- Iinyibiba zeRayonist (1913), nguGoncharova: indalo eguqulelwe kwii-bundle; umfanekiso weentyatyambo udityaniswa ne umnatha wechromatic khazimla.
- Intloko yeBull (1913), ukusuka eLarionov: amandla ezilwanyana aguqulelwe kwisakhiwo se iiengile kunye nokungqubana kwethoni.
- Iisoseji zeRayonist kunye neMackerel (1912), nguLarionov: ubomi busekhona "ombane" yimitha; umcimbi uphantsi kwe amandla oko kudlula kuyo.
- Ukwakhiwa kweRayonist (1915)I-Larionov's: ijika elingenanjongo ngokupheleleyo; imigca ehambayo kunye nombala olayitiweyo ocebisayo pulsation ngaphakathi
Umkhondo wobomi, inguqu kunye nokwehla
Iziganeko zembali zazinzima kakhulu. Ukuqhambuka kwe IMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala iphazamise isantya seqela; ULarionov noGoncharova bafudukela eParis kwaye bathululela italente yabo imbonakalo yelizwe kunye noyilo lwethiyetha kunye neballet. Olo tshintsho lwengqwalasela, luhamba nokunyuka kwezindululo ezifana i-suprematism okanye Inkqubo yonxibelelanisoOku kwabangela ukuba iRayonism ilahlekelwe ukubonakala ukusuka ngo-1914 ukuya phambili.
Yayingekokusilela, kodwa a ikhonkco decisive: isikhululo sovavanyo esibonise ukuba ukutsalwa kungaphuma kuphononongo lwe eLuzi kunye nokujikeleza kwayo esithubeni. Ukuhlala kwayo okwenyani akulinganiswa nezikolo, kodwa ngeengcamango: ukukhanya njengento ekrwada yomzobo; i-invoyisi yandisiwe kunye novakalelo oluvulekileyo ekudibaneni phakathi kobugcisa kunye nenzululwazi eza kuqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwana ezizayo.
Nabani na ojonga kwimbali yobugcisa namhlanje uya kubona kwiRayonism isenzo esinesibindi, mhlawumbi esifutshane, kodwa esinesigqibo: ukuzinikela ekupeyinteni hayi izinto, kodwa yintoni ibamanyanisaPhakathi kwee-inflections kunye nokukhanya okukhanyayo, ezo zixhobo zasifundisa ukubona umhlaba njengothungelwano lwe imitha Ekuhambeni, ukupeyinta kuba yindawo apho loo mandla abonakala, abonakalayo kwaye, kutheni kungenjalo, umlingo omncinci.
